Lithium

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Lithium is one of the lightest alkali metals and highly reactive elements. Its name is derived from Greek word “lithos”, which means stone. It is extracted from two main sources i.e., ore mining and salt deserts. Australia is the main source of ore mined lithium, while Chile and Argentina are well known for salt deserts or salaras.

The majority of the world’s lithium is extracted from brine sources, which are found below lakes of high-altitude salt flats. The extraction of lithium involves drilling a hole and pumping brine to the surface with the help of water. The mixture is then left for many months for evaporation. The mixture is then distilled to extract lithium after 12 to 18 months.

The lithium demand has hit record levels in the past few years, and the two key contributors to this rise in demand are:

· An uptrend in digital technology coupled with smart technologies, which are integrated with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).

· A surge in green energy usage and electric vehicles’ usage.

Lithium mining is often criticised for using excessive water and creating drought-like situations in various parts of the world.

Lithium and its compounds are predominantly extracted from hard rock sources and brine deposits. Historically, hard rock sources were mined but since the 1990s, brine deposits have been used to produce lithium on a commercial scale. Most of the existing lithium supply comes from hard rock mineral, spodumene, which is found in Australia and the United States, or is being extracted from brine solutions from salars in South America.

Lithium concentration in brine solutions is increased by solar evaporation in ponds. The evaporation process is a time-consuming one and could take up to one-and-a-half years to concentrate the solution to 6% Li content. Thereafter, the brine solution is used to produce high-value lithium compounds, including lithium chloride, lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide.

With disruptions in the cobalt supply chain, automobile makers are switching to low-cobalt battery chemistries. Low-cobalt cathodes for lithium batteries are anticipated to utilise lithium hydroxide instead of lithium carbonate as a feedstock. Seawater contains over 0.2 parts per million lithium. Some scientists have proposed electrolysis to recover lithium compounds from seawater, but it is not yet commercially viable.

	Code	Company	Price	Chg	%Chg	High	Low	Volume	Market Cap
Basic Materials	A8G	A8G Australasian Metals Limited	0.067	0	0.00	0.067	0.067	54,338	3.879 M
Basic Materials	ADV	ADV Ardiden Ltd	0.155	0	0.00	0.155	0.155	50,878	10.315 M
Basic Materials	AGY	AGY Argosy Minerals Ltd	0.026	0.001	3.704	0.028	0.025	10,422,231	36.398 M
Basic Materials	AMD	AMD Arrow Minerals Ltd	0.020	0	0.00	0.020	0.020	--	17.555 M
Basic Materials	ASN	ASN Anson Resources Ltd	0.090	0.018	25	0.095	0.075	14,901,420	92.347 M
Basic Materials	AVL	AVL Australian Vanadium Ltd	0.008	0	0.00	0.009	0.008	3,072,601	77.712 M
Basic Materials	BMG	BMG BMG Resources Ltd	0.007	0	0.00	0.008	0.007	323,662	5.911 M
Basic Materials	BNZ	BNZ Benz Mining Corp	0.585	0.005	0.848	0.605	0.555	497,341	147.829 M
Basic Materials	BOA	BOA Boadicea Resources Ltd	0.018	0	0.00	0.018	0.018	67,087	2.344 M
Basic Materials	CUL	CUL Cullen Resources Ltd	0.005	0.001	25	0.005	0.005	250,433	3.467 M
Basic Materials	CXO	CXO Core Lithium Ltd	0.110	0	0.00	0.112	0.105	6,213,405	225.017 M
Basic Materials	DEG	DEG De Grey Mining Ltd	--	--	0.00	--	--	--	5,915.070 M
Basic Materials	DEV	DEV DevEx Resources Ltd	0.089	0.004	4.706	0.090	0.087	719,994	40.456 M
Basic Materials	DTM	DTM Dart Mining NL	0.003	0	0.00	0.003	0.002	593,000	3.594 M
Basic Materials	EMH	EMH European Metals Holdings	0.165	0.005	3.125	0.175	0.165	111,303	36.614 M
Basic Materials	EUR	EUR European Lithium Limited	0.072	0.002	2.857	0.072	0.069	2,581,775	98.272 M
Basic Materials	GL1	GL1 Global Lithium Resources Ltd	0.185	0	0.00	0.185	0.180	65,827	48.420 M
Basic Materials	GLN	GLN Galan Lithium Ltd	0.130	0.005	3.704	0.135	0.130	1,370,722	130.133 M
Basic Materials	HWK	HWK Hawk Resources Limited	0.018	0	0.00	0.018	0.018	42,600	4.877 M
Basic Materials	INF	INF Infinity Lithium Corporation Ltd	0.015	0	0.00	0.015	0.014	173,212	8.034 M
Basic Materials	INR	INR ioneer Ltd	0.105	0.005	4.546	0.110	0.100	4,928,002	240.278 M
Basic Materials	KOR	KOR Korab Resources Ltd	0.008	0	0.00	0.008	0.008	--	2.936 M
Basic Materials	KTA	KTA Krakatoa Resources Ltd	0.010	0.001	9.091	0.011	0.010	1,091,124	8.317 M
Industrials	LIS	LIS LiS Energy Ltd	0.155	0.015	10.714	0.155	0.140	1,007,150	83.226 M
Industrials	LIT	LIT Lithium Australia NL	0.010	0	0.00	0.010	0.009	582,134	16.905 M
Basic Materials	LKE	LKE Lake Resources NL	0.030	0.001	3.226	0.031	0.030	2,421,379	59.492 M
Basic Materials	LNR	LNR Lanthanein Resources Limited	0.001	0	0.00	0.001	0.001	2,050,000	2.810 M
Basic Materials	LPD	LPD Lepidico Ltd	0.002	0	0.00	0.002	0.002	--	17.178 M
Basic Materials	LTR	LTR Liontown Resources Ltd	0.825	0.01	1.198	0.850	0.815	6,954,716	2,163.794 M
Basic Materials	MIN	MIN Mineral Resources Ltd	27.610	0.29	1.039	28.190	27.050	2,860,970	5,384.621 M
Basic Materials	MLS	MLS Metals Australia Ltd	0.018	0.001	5.882	0.018	0.017	92,075	12.388 M
Basic Materials	MQR	MQR Marquee Resources Ltd	0.009	0	0.00	0.009	0.009	567,964	5.025 M
Industrials	NMT	NMT Neometals Ltd	0.076	0.004	5.556	0.076	0.072	32,923	56.168 M
Basic Materials	NVA	NVA Nova Minerals Ltd	0.265	0.035	11.667	0.265	0.250	1,985,051	99.115 M
Basic Materials	PLL	PLL Piedmont Lithium Ltd	0.100	0	0.00	0.110	0.100	4,883,278	218.091 M
Basic Materials	PLS	PLS Pilbara Minerals Ltd	1.575	0.075	4.546	1.640	1.560	54,523,789	5,003.881 M
Basic Materials	PNN	PNN Power Minerals Ltd	0.058	0	0.00	0.058	0.058	22,752	8.518 M
Basic Materials	PSC	PSC Prospect Resources Ltd	0.185	0.005	2.632	0.190	0.185	435,405	131.010 M
Basic Materials	RIO	RIO Rio Tinto Ltd	110.280	1.46	1.307	111.590	109.670	1,222,837	180,508.394 M
Basic Materials	RLC	RLC Reedy Lagoon Corporation Ltd	0.002	0	0.00	0.002	0.002	294,555	1.553 M
Basic Materials	SRK	SRK Strike Resources Ltd	0.033	0	0.00	0.033	0.033	--	9.364 M
Basic Materials	SYA	SYA Sayona Mining Ltd	0.019	0.001	5.556	0.019	0.018	11,256,586	220.001 M
Basic Materials	TAR	TAR Taruga Gold Ltd	0.007	0	0.00	0.007	0.007	3,732	5.710 M
Basic Materials	TEM	TEM Tempest Minerals Ltd	0.005	0	0.00	0.005	0.005	189,400	5.509 M
Basic Materials	TKL	TKL Traka Resources Ltd	0.001	0	0.00	0.001	0.001	--	2.126 M
Basic Materials	VMC	VMC Venus Metals Corporation Ltd	0.120	0.003	2.041	0.120	0.115	37,399	22.555 M
Basic Materials	VUL	VUL Vulcan Energy Resources Ltd	3.490	0.11	3.056	3.640	3.450	1,126,414	765.356 M
Basic Materials	ZNC	ZNC Zenith Minerals Ltd	0.032	0.001	3.03	0.032	0.030	1,152,620	13.589 M

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Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the major applications of Lithium and where is it sourced from?

Most prominently, lithium is used to manufacture rechargeable batteries for mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras and electric vehicles. Additionally, it is used in ceramics, glasses, alloys, lubrication and medicine.

The top three lithium-producing nations are Australia, Chile and China. Collectively, these three countries accounted for over 86% of the global lithium production in 2020 with Australia accounting for over half of the global lithium supply.With the burgeoning demand for electric vehicles, lithium’s demand is expected to grow rapidly in this decade.

2. Which are the nations with the largest lithium reserves in the world?

The lithium price continues to grow as the demand for EVs exceeds supply due to material and refinery bottlenecks. However, lithium is not a scarce mineral. It is the 33rd most widely available element on the earth and is spread across in trace amounts in seawater, soils, rocks, surface and groundwater.

China, Chile, and Australia hold the world’s largest reserves. Almost 63% of the global reserves are found within the lithium triangle, a region shared by Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. Furthermore, Central and Latin American countries such as Mexico and Peru hold more than three million tonnes of lithium in reserves.

3. How much lithium does the world use?

The global market for alkali metal-lithium is growing rapidly. The period between 2008 and 2018 alone saw annual production in the major producing countries rise multifold. Lithium’s usage in EV batteries has been an important source of demand growth. Lithium is also used in laptop and cell phone batteries, as well as in the glass and ceramics industry

4. Where does Australia stand on the global lithium map?

Lithium occurs in predominantly two categories, hard rock sources, specially spodumene (Li2O.Al2O3.4SiO2), and salts, consisting of lithium-rich brines. Australia is among the leading producer of lithium from hard rock sources, while lithium in brines is produced in Chile, Argentina, Bolivia, China and the US.

Lithium’s supply from Australia is sourced from its current resources and mines that mostly produce spodumene along with other lithium-based minerals such as lepidolite. These minerals usually have an average grade of 1% to 3% Li2O and are associated with tin and tantalum mineralisation.

Almost all of the Australian resources are linked to granite pegmatites of the Archean age with major lithium deposits located within the Yilgarn Craton and Pilbara region of Western Australia. Currently, the lithium global output is estimated to rise to 944,000 tonnes by 2024. The rapid growth will be met by increased output from Australia, Chile and Argentina. The current mining and brine supply is insufficient to meet the burgeoning demand for lithium.