Lithium

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Lithium is one of the lightest alkali metals and highly reactive elements. Its name is derived from Greek word “lithos”, which means stone. It is extracted from two main sources i.e., ore mining and salt deserts. Australia is the main source of ore mined lithium, while Chile and Argentina are well known for salt deserts or salaras.

The majority of the world’s lithium is extracted from brine sources, which are found below lakes of high-altitude salt flats. The extraction of lithium involves drilling a hole and pumping brine to the surface with the help of water. The mixture is then left for many months for evaporation. The mixture is then distilled to extract lithium after 12 to 18 months.

The lithium demand has hit record levels in the past few years, and the two key contributors to this rise in demand are:

· An uptrend in digital technology coupled with smart technologies, which are integrated with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).

· A surge in green energy usage and electric vehicles’ usage.

Lithium mining is often criticised for using excessive water and creating drought-like situations in various parts of the world.

Lithium and its compounds are predominantly extracted from hard rock sources and brine deposits. Historically, hard rock sources were mined but since the 1990s, brine deposits have been used to produce lithium on a commercial scale. Most of the existing lithium supply comes from hard rock mineral, spodumene, which is found in Australia and the United States, or is being extracted from brine solutions from salars in South America.

Lithium concentration in brine solutions is increased by solar evaporation in ponds. The evaporation process is a time-consuming one and could take up to one-and-a-half years to concentrate the solution to 6% Li content. Thereafter, the brine solution is used to produce high-value lithium compounds, including lithium chloride, lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide.

With disruptions in the cobalt supply chain, automobile makers are switching to low-cobalt battery chemistries. Low-cobalt cathodes for lithium batteries are anticipated to utilise lithium hydroxide instead of lithium carbonate as a feedstock. Seawater contains over 0.2 parts per million lithium. Some scientists have proposed electrolysis to recover lithium compounds from seawater, but it is not yet commercially viable.

Code	Company	Price	Chg	%Chg	High	Low	Volume	Market Cap
A8G	A8G Australasian Metals Limited	0.074	0.000	0.000	0.074	0.074	--	4.284 M
ADV	ADV Ardiden Ltd	0.150	0.000	0.000	0.150	0.140	57723	9.378 M
AGY	AGY Argosy Minerals Ltd	0.024	0.000	0.000	0.024	0.024	928187	34.942 M
AMD	AMD Arrow Minerals Ltd	0.035	0.001	2.941	0.035	0.034	2859689	29.547 M
ASN	ASN Anson Resources Ltd	0.058	-0.001	-1.695	0.059	0.058	636879	84.591 M
AVL	AVL Australian Vanadium Ltd	0.012	0.000	0.000	0.012	0.012	4014270	112.251 M
BMG	BMG BMG Resources Ltd	0.012	-0.001	-7.692	0.014	0.012	4562387	12.576 M
BNZ	BNZ Benz Mining Corp	0.400	0.000	0.000	0.405	0.395	170548	78.675 M
BOA	BOA Boadicea Resources Ltd	0.018	-0.001	-5.263	0.019	0.017	156141	2.467 M
CUL	CUL Cullen Resources Ltd	0.005	0.000	0.000	0.005	0.005	50984	3.467 M
CXO	CXO Core Lithium Ltd	0.086	-0.001	-1.149	0.087	0.085	4877857	195.015 M
DEG	DEG De Grey Mining Ltd	2.000	0.035	1.781	2.020	1.972	6932117	4,759.852 M
DEV	DEV DevEx Resources Ltd	0.082	0.005	6.494	0.083	0.080	129580	36.660 M
DTM	DTM Dart Mining NL	0.005	0.000	0.000	0.005	0.005	20000	2.990 M
EMH	EMH European Metals Holdings	0.110	0.000	0.000	0.115	0.110	42240	30.266 M
EUR	EUR European Lithium Limited	0.054	-0.001	-1.818	0.054	0.051	951026	75.149 M
GL1	GL1 Global Lithium Resources Ltd	0.190	0.010	5.556	0.195	0.175	298656	47.112 M
GLN	GLN Galan Lithium Ltd	0.110	0.000	0.000	0.110	0.105	650789	90.344 M
HWK	HWK Hawk Resources Limited	0.023	-0.002	-8.000	0.024	0.023	101980	-- M
INF	INF Infinity Lithium Corporation Ltd	0.025	0.000	0.000	0.028	0.025	134019	11.102 M
INR	INR ioneer Ltd	0.145	0.000	0.000	0.150	0.145	904157	318.016 M
KOR	KOR Korab Resources Ltd	0.008	0.000	0.000	0.008	0.008	--	2.936 M
KTA	KTA Krakatoa Resources Ltd	0.010	0.001	11.111	0.010	0.010	1000	5.901 M
LIS	LIS LiS Energy Ltd	0.125	0.000	0.000	0.125	0.120	115375	80.025 M
LIT	LIT Lithium Australia NL	0.011	-0.001	-8.333	0.012	0.010	17247723	16.166 M
LKE	LKE Lake Resources NL	0.035	0.001	2.941	0.035	0.034	762026	62.336 M
LNR	LNR Lanthanein Resources Limited	0.003	0.001	20.000	0.003	0.003	100000	4.887 M
LPD	LPD Lepidico Ltd	0.002	0.000	0.000	0.002	0.002	--	17.178 M
LTR	LTR Liontown Resources Ltd	0.655	0.015	2.344	0.665	0.620	10662793	1,589.993 M
MIN	MIN Mineral Resources Ltd	23.930	1.220	5.372	24.030	21.850	3256675	6,868.340 M
MLS	MLS Metals Australia Ltd	0.020	0.000	0.000	0.020	0.020	317	15.303 M
MQR	MQR Marquee Resources Ltd	0.011	0.001	10.000	0.011	0.010	295909	4.855 M
NMT	NMT Neometals Ltd	0.081	0.003	3.846	0.082	0.078	873168	61.554 M
NVA	NVA Nova Minerals Ltd	0.275	-0.005	-1.786	0.300	0.275	618036	82.419 M
PLL	PLL Piedmont Lithium Ltd	0.110	0.000	0.000	0.110	0.110	544075	253.268 M
PLS	PLS Pilbara Minerals Ltd	1.965	0.065	3.421	1.995	1.855	31130052	6,516.309 M
PNN	PNN Power Minerals Ltd	0.088	0.000	0.000	0.092	0.088	133276	9.450 M
PSC	PSC Prospect Resources Ltd	0.088	0.000	0.000	0.090	0.088	62267	49.822 M
RIO	RIO Rio Tinto Ltd	117.410	4.040	3.564	117.380	114.610	1690762	189,073.146 M
RLC	RLC Reedy Lagoon Corporation Ltd	0.003	0.000	0.000	0.003	0.003	--	2.330 M
SRK	SRK Strike Resources Ltd	0.030	0.003	11.111	0.030	0.027	15000	7.661 M
SYA	SYA Sayona Mining Ltd	0.020	0.001	5.263	0.020	0.019	39584370	242.409 M
TAR	TAR Taruga Gold Ltd	0.009	0.000	0.000	0.009	0.009	1000000	6.354 M
TEM	TEM Tempest Minerals Ltd	0.005	0.000	0.000	0.005	0.005	101339	3.173 M
TKL	TKL Traka Resources Ltd	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.001	0.001	120000	2.126 M
VMC	VMC Venus Metals Corporation Ltd	0.083	0.001	1.220	0.083	0.077	53220	15.494 M
VUL	VUL Vulcan Energy Resources Ltd	3.820	0.110	2.965	3.880	3.700	648608	876.827 M
WML	WML Woomera Mining Ltd	--	--	--	--	--	--	4.333 M
ZNC	ZNC Zenith Minerals Ltd	0.042	-0.003	-6.667	0.045	0.042	130046	17.113 M

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Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the major applications of Lithium and where is it sourced from?

Most prominently, lithium is used to manufacture rechargeable batteries for mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras and electric vehicles. Additionally, it is used in ceramics, glasses, alloys, lubrication and medicine.

The top three lithium-producing nations are Australia, Chile and China. Collectively, these three countries accounted for over 86% of the global lithium production in 2020 with Australia accounting for over half of the global lithium supply.With the burgeoning demand for electric vehicles, lithium’s demand is expected to grow rapidly in this decade.

2. Which are the nations with the largest lithium reserves in the world?

The lithium price continues to grow as the demand for EVs exceeds supply due to material and refinery bottlenecks. However, lithium is not a scarce mineral. It is the 33rd most widely available element on the earth and is spread across in trace amounts in seawater, soils, rocks, surface and groundwater.

China, Chile, and Australia hold the world’s largest reserves. Almost 63% of the global reserves are found within the lithium triangle, a region shared by Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. Furthermore, Central and Latin American countries such as Mexico and Peru hold more than three million tonnes of lithium in reserves.

3. How much lithium does the world use?

The global market for alkali metal-lithium is growing rapidly. The period between 2008 and 2018 alone saw annual production in the major producing countries rise multifold. Lithium’s usage in EV batteries has been an important source of demand growth. Lithium is also used in laptop and cell phone batteries, as well as in the glass and ceramics industry

4. Where does Australia stand on the global lithium map?

Lithium occurs in predominantly two categories, hard rock sources, specially spodumene (Li2O.Al2O3.4SiO2), and salts, consisting of lithium-rich brines. Australia is among the leading producer of lithium from hard rock sources, while lithium in brines is produced in Chile, Argentina, Bolivia, China and the US.

Lithium’s supply from Australia is sourced from its current resources and mines that mostly produce spodumene along with other lithium-based minerals such as lepidolite. These minerals usually have an average grade of 1% to 3% Li2O and are associated with tin and tantalum mineralisation.

Almost all of the Australian resources are linked to granite pegmatites of the Archean age with major lithium deposits located within the Yilgarn Craton and Pilbara region of Western Australia. Currently, the lithium global output is estimated to rise to 944,000 tonnes by 2024. The rapid growth will be met by increased output from Australia, Chile and Argentina. The current mining and brine supply is insufficient to meet the burgeoning demand for lithium.