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Highlights
- High-quality factors such as gross-profit-to-assets (GP/A), low volatility, and leverage were among the top-performing measures for both large and small Canadian stocks.
- Historical data shows small-cap stocks outperformed when filtered by low volatility and high return-on-equity metrics.
- Quality measures like positive cash flow, positive earnings, and trading longevity enhanced long-term performance across stock sizes.
The Canadian equities sector, spanning major players listed on the S and P TSX Index, has seen long-term outperformance driven by quality-focused measures. Large stocks, defined as the top 100 by market capitalization on the Toronto Stock Exchange, and small stocks, identified as the next 200, exhibit notable distinctions in performance depending on their quality filters. While large-cap equities demonstrate consistent results, small-cap selections benefit more prominently from targeted metrics such as low volatility and profitability ratios.
Performance Based on Size and Longevity
Performance varied significantly based on stock size and longevity. Stocks with a trading history of at least five years offered stronger average annual returns than those without. This trend remained consistent across both large and small stocks, reinforcing the importance of operational history. The longevity metric was particularly effective among large-cap stocks, yielding higher average gains compared to their younger counterparts.
Impact of Positive Earnings and Cash Flow
Stocks with positive earnings and those generating cash from operations consistently outperformed those without. This was evident across both stock categories, with small stocks showing enhanced growth when filtered for these attributes. Positive earnings were especially influential in smaller equities, which exhibited stronger average gains under this parameter. Similarly, stocks maintaining positive cash flow metrics demonstrated robust returns, underlining financial stability as a key performance indicator.
Volatility and Profitability Ratios as Quality Filters
Low-volatility stocks ranked among the highest-performing segments, particularly in the small-cap category. These stocks exhibited the best long-term growth when filtered for the lowest price fluctuations over a rolling 260-day period. Among profitability metrics, return-on-equity (ROE), return-on-invested-capital (ROIC), and return-on-assets (ROA) were evaluated. While small stocks benefitted across all three, only ROIC provided consistently higher gains among large stocks.
High gross-profit-to-asset (GP/A) ratios emerged as the strongest indicator for large stocks, excluding financial institutions. This measure also generated significant gains for small-cap stocks, though not to the same extent. The GP/A metric highlighted companies with efficient resource utilization, making it a top quality factor, particularly for non-financial large equities.
Leverage and Cash Flow Ratios
Leverage proved to be a surprising outperformer. High-leverage companies—those with greater debt loads—recorded above-average gains. This outcome reflected the operational confidence and borrowing capacity of strong companies. The data showed that high-leverage large stocks fared significantly better than their low-leverage peers. Among small stocks, high leverage again delivered superior returns, securing its position as a top-performing quality indicator.
Cash-flow-to-earnings (CF/E) ratios added another layer of quality assessment. High CF/E ratios signaled operational strength and consistency in financial reporting, resulting in above-average gains for both categories. This metric proved effective at distinguishing financially disciplined companies, especially when combined with other filters like earnings positivity and asset efficiency.
